II. The Skeletal System (axial & appendicular divisions):
A. Locate and identify the major bones of the body (see lab list).
1. we will cover these in lab – you are responsible for them in lecture also.
B. The skull.
1. locate & identify cranial and facial bones.
2. locate and identify the four major cranial sutures.
3. define and describe the following:
a. fontanelles.
b. microcephaly.
c. paranasal sinuses.
d. deviated nasal septum.
e. cleft palate.
C. The spinal column.
1. locate and identify the spinal bones:
a. cervical vertebrae (7).
b. thoracic vertebrae (12).
c. lumbar vertebrae (5).
d. sacrum (1).
e. coccyx (1).
2. define and describe the following terms:
a. scoliosis.
b. lordosis.
c. kyphosis.
d. spina bifida.
3. know male/female pelvic distinctions:

Intremembraneous ossification involves the replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony tissue. Bones formed in this manner are called intramembraneous bones. They include certain flat bones of the skull and some of the irregular bones. The future bones are first formed as connective tissue membranes. Osteoblasts migrate to the membranes and deposit bony matrix around themselves. When the osteoblasts are surrounded by the matrix they are called osteocytes.

Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue. In this process, the future bones are first formed as hyaline cartilage models. During the third month after conception, the perichondrium that surrounds the hyaline cartilage “models” become infiltrated with blood vessels and osteoblasts and change into a periosteum. The osteoblasts form a collar of compact bone around the diaphysis. At the same time, the cartilage in the center of the diaphysis begins to disintegrate. Osteoblasts penetrate

I. Bone Basics:
A. Identify the major functions of the skeletal system.
1. physical protection & support.
2. calcium storage.
3. blood cell production.

Below are three increasingly-magnified photos of a histology slide featuring human bone. Notice the structure of the bone.

B. Define the following anatomical terms:

1. diaphysis.
2. epiphysis.
3. epiphyseal (growth) plate.
4. articular cartilage.
5. periosteum.
6. compact bone tissue & distribution.
7. spongy bone tissue & distribution.
C. Identify the functions the cells found in bone.
1. osteoblast (bone-builder).
2. osteoclast (bone-dissolver).
3. osteocyte (bone-maintainer).
D. Identify and describe the composition and function of bone matrix.
1. calcium phosphate minerals.
2. collagen fibers.
E. Identify and describe the location, composition and function of bone marrow.
1. red bone marrow.
2. yellow bone marrow.
F. Define the following bone tissue terms:

a. lamellae.
b. osteon.
c. central (Haversian) canal.
d. canaliculi.

There are three kinds of bone growth: endochondral ossification (for long bone growth); intramembranous ossification (for flat, irregular bone growth); and remodeling (role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts).

Describe the structural/functional classifications of joints: fibrous/immovable joints; cartilaginous/slightly movable joints; synovial/freely movable joints.
Describe the basic structure of synovial joints including:
1. synovial membrane and capsule.
2. synovial fluid.
3. articular cartilage.
4. bursae.

Distinguish between the functions of tendons and ligaments.

Shoulder joint:
1. identify the bones and structures comprising the shoulder joint.
2. identify the “rotator cuff” muscles.
a. supraspinatus.
b. infraspinatus.
c. subscapularis.
d. teres minor.

Knee Joint:
1. identify the bones and structures comprising the knee joint.
2. identify the major groups of knee ligaments.
a. collaterals (medial & lateral).
b. cruciates (anterior & posterior).
c. patellar.

Bone & Joint Disorders:
1. Briefly describe the following disorders (structures involved, manifestations, etc.).
a. bursitis.
b. rheumatoid arthritis.
c. osteoarthritis.
d. osteoporosis.