Auxotrophs are unable to synthesize all their own biomolecules (nutrients, such as amino acids). For example, a bio- mutant is unable to synthesize biotin. Auxotrophs can be studied to understand pathways for the synthesis of amino acids. Also, they can be used for other experiments (such as the Ames test and R-factor experiment). Isolating Auxotrophs [...]

ATP synthase (ATPase, Complex V) is a highly conserved protein which converts pmf into ATP; it catalyzes a reversible reaction between ATP and ADP + Pi. It has 2 parts: F1 is a multi-unit piece on the cytoplasmic side, and Fo spans the membrane and is the proton-conducting channel. Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogenase N2 + 8H [...]