Nouns
By Levi Clancy for Student Reader on
updated
Absolute state
The absolute state of a noun is the "dictionary state", for example just man or door.
ماڵ
home
mal
نان
bread
nan
جادە
street (informal)
jada
شەقام
street (formal)
shaqam
رۆژ
day / daytime
roj
شەو
night / nighttime
shaw (rhymes with now)
دەرگا
door
darga
تاکسی
taxi
taksi
سەیارە
car
sayaara
Possessive state
These suffixes are used to denote possession.
| Case | English | Suffix | Examples |
| First-person singular | my | -ەکەم | کتێبەکەم (my book) / ماڵەکەم (my home) |
| Second-person singular | your | -ەکەت | کتێبەکەت (your book) / ماڵەکەت (your home) |
| Third-person singular singular | her / his / its | -ەکای | کتێبەکای (her / his / its book) / ماڵەکای (her / his / its home) |
| First-person plural | our | -ەکەمان | کتێبەکەمان (our book) / ماڵەکەمان (our home) |
| Second-person plural | you alls’ | -ەکەتان | کتێبەکەتان (your book) / ماڵەکەتان (your home) |
| Third-person plural | their | -ەکەیان | کتێبەکەیان (their book) / ماڵەکەیان (their home) |
Indefinite state
The indefinite (as, in a man or any/some men) is achieved by adding a suffix to the absolute noun.
The indefinite singular ending is -ێک after a consonant and -یەک after a vowel. The indefinite plural ending is -ان except for two cases: when the word already ends in ا, add -یان; and if a word ends in ە then replace the ە with ان.
| پیاو pyaw (man) | پیاوێک pyawek (a man) | پیاوان pyawan (any/some men) |
| رۆژ roj (day) | رۆژێک rojek (a day) | رۆژان rojan (any/some days) |
| دەرگا darga (door) | دەرگایەک dargayek (a door) | دەرگایان dargayan (any/some doors) |
| نامە nama (letter) | نامەیەک namayek (a letter) | نەمان naman (any/some letters) |
There are certain modifiers that always take an indefinite noun.
| پیاو pyaw (man) | چەند chand (a few) | چەند پیاوێک chand pyawek (a few men) |
| رۆژ roj (day) | هەموو hamuu (every) | هەموو رۆژێک hamuu rojek (every day) |
| لاپەرە lapara (page) | چ chi (what?) | چ لاپەرەیەک chi laparayak (what page?) |
| لا la (direction) | هەر har (each) | har layak (each direction) |
The -ی زۆر -i zor (a lot of) sentence patterns also uses an indefinite singular.
| نان nan (bread) | نانێک nanek (a bread) | نانێکی زۆر (a lot of bread) |
| کورد kurd (Kurd) | کوردێک kurdek (a Kurd) | کوردێکی زۆر kurdek-i zor(a lot of Kurds) |
| پیاو pyaw (man) | پیاوێک pyawek (a man) | پیاوێکی زۆر pyawek-i zor (a lot of men) |
Definite state
The definite singular is like adding the in English (the man, or the men).
The definite singular ending is –کە after consonants and the vowels و، ی، ێ, and -ەکە after the vowels ە، ا، and ۆ. The definite plural follows the same rule with -کان and -ەکان.
| پیاو pyaw (man) | پیاوەکە pyawaka (the man) | پیاوەکان pyawakan (the men) |
| کتاوی ktawi (student) | کتاویەکە ktawiaka (the student) | کتاویەکان ktawiakan (the students) |
| دێ de (village) | دێەکە de'aka (the village) | دێەکان de'akan (the villages) |
| دەرگا darga (door) | دەرگاکە dargaka (the door) | دەرگاکان dargakan (the doors) |
| نامە nama (letter) | نامەکە namaka (the letter) | نامەکان namakan (the letters) |
Review: definite and indefinite endings
--
no ending means absolute
-ێک
-ekindefinite singular
-یێک
-yekindefinite singular
-ان
-anindefinite plural
-یان
-yanindefinite plural
-کە
-kadefinite singular
-ەکە
-akadefinite singular
-کان
-kandefinite plural
-ەکان
-akandefinite plural
Demonstratives
The demonstrative nouns envelops the absolute singular or indefinite plural.
For a singular demonstrative (this or that) then use the absolute singular with the noun ending ە or (after ە or ا) use the noun ending یە. For a plural demonstrative (these or those) then use the indefinite plural with the noun ending ە.
ئەم
amthis / these
یەو
awthat / those
یەم ___-ە/یە
am ___-a/yaThis / these ___.
ئەو ___-ە/یە
aw ___-a/yaThat / those ___.
| پیاو pyaw (man) | ئەم پیاوە am pyawa (this man) | ئەو پیاوە aw pyawa (that man) | پیاوان pyawan (any/some men) | ئەم پیاوانە am pyawana (these men) | ئەو پیاوانە aw pyawana (those men) |
| کتاوی ktawi (student) | ئەم کتاویە am ktawia (this student) | یەو کتاویە aw ktawia (that student) | کتاویان ktawian (any/some students) | ئەم کتاویانە am ktawiana (these students) | ئەو کتاویانە aw ktawiana (those students) |
| دەرگا | |||||
| نامە | |||||
There are also demonstrative pronouns.
ئەمە
amathis
ئەمانە
amanathese
ئەوە
awathat
ئەوانە
awanathose