Weapons included muskets and explosives.
Westward Expansion, the War of 1812.
High foreign demand for American farm goods led to exceptionally high prices for American farmers. This prompted a land boom in the western United States. Fueled by speculation, land prices soared. "The availability of easy credit to settlers and speculators -- from the government (under the land acts of 1800 and 1804), from state banks and wildcat banks, even for a time from the rechartered Bank of the United States -- fueled the land boom" Brinkley, p 204.
America remained an overwhelmingly rural and agrarian nation. Only 3 percent of the population lived in towns of more than 8,000 in 1800. Even the nation's largest cities could not begin to compare with such European capitals as London and Paris (although Philadelphia, with 70,000 residents, New York, with 60,000, and others were becoming centers of commerce, learning, and urban culture comparable to many of the secondary cities of Europe. Brinkley, p 174
Ever since 1800, the presidency seemed to have been the special possession of Virginians. After two terms in office, Jefferson chose his secretary of state, James Madison, to succeed him, and after two more terms, Madison secured the presidential nomination for his secretary of state, James Monroe. Brinkley, p 201
http://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/read/how-a-single-technology-decimated-98-percent-of-the-american-prairie
The prairies were eliminated.
John Adams | Revolutionary leader, diplomat and US president (1797 - 1801). |
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The Alamo | San Antonio mission where a Texas garrison fought against and was massacred by Mexican forces. |
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Alien and Sedition Acts | Controversial legislation that Federalists used to try and silence their Republican opposition. |
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Antifederalists | Name the federalists gave to their opposition |
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Anti-Masons | Anti-Masons emerged as a formal group in the 1820s, out of widespread resentment against Freemasons for being secretive, exclusive and supposedly undemocratic. |
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Aroostook War | Violent brawl between (mostly lumberjacks) Canadians and Americans over the United States and Canada boundary. |
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Atlanta Compromise | A thesis on race relations, developed by Booker T Washington and communicated in a speech he gave in 1895. |
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Stephen Austin | Originally from Missouri, he immigrated to Texas and in 1822 he established the first legal American settlement in that territory. |
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Bank War | President Jackson's fight against the Bank of the United States. |
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Nicholas Biddle | President of the Bank of the United States from 1823 until its expiration in 1836. |
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Bill of Rights | The US Constitution's first ten amendments. |
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Black Codes | In 1865 and early 1866, Southern state legislatures enacted laws designed to give whites control over former slaves. |
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John Brown | Kansas abolitionist whose militancy prompted him to raid the United States army arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virgnia. |
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Aaron Burr | A Vice-President, and the greatest political rival of Alexander Hamilton. Burr killed Hamilton in a duel. |
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John Calhoun | One of the Great Triumvirate along with Clay and Webster. He was the leading proponent of nullification. |
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Cane Ridge, Kentucky | In summer 1801, Eangelicals met here at the nation's first camp meeting. |
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Checks and balances | A system to separate government powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches. The branches check one another, thus keeping power balanced. |
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Caroline Affair | Dispute between the US and Great Britain over an United States steamship chartered by Canadian rebels. |
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Carpetbaggers | During the Reconstruction, white Northern men who served in the South as Republican leaders. Compare to scalawags. |
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Civilized Tribes | The Five Civilized Tribes were the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw. |
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Crop-lien system | Farmers borrowed money against their crops, but bad yields and extraordinary interest rates often plummeted the debtors into inescapable debt. |
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Jefferson Davis | The one and only president that the Confederate State of America ever had. |
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Stephen A Douglas | His career was not dedicated to broad national goals, but to self-promotion and his section's economic gain. Specifically, he advocated for his section's economic needs, and especially railroad construction. |
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Dred Scott decision | In it, Congress was found to possess no authority to pass a law depriving persons of their slave property in the territories. |
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Enforcement Acts | Prohibited the states from discriminating against voters on the basis of race and gave the federal government power to supersede state courts and prosecute violators of the law. |
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Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution, they chose this name for themselves to distance themselves from their thinly concealed nationalism. |
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Federalist Papers | Writings by Hamilton, Madison and Jay under the joint pseudonym Publius. |
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Federal structure | Division of power between national and state government. |
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Hamilton Fish | Two-term Secretary of State under President Grant. |
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Forty-Niners | Migrants to California for the Gold Rush. They were almost all white men. |
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Free-Soil Party | In the 1848 presidential election, slavery opponents found the presidential candidates unsatisfying and this led to the Free-Soil Party. |
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Gadsden Purchase | The United States purchased a thin strip of Mexican territory toward a potential southern transcontinental railroad. |
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Great Compromise | The Great Compromise resolved the problem of representation in the new Constitution. |
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Great Triumvirate | Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster. |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the United States, and acknowledged the Rio Grande as Texas' boundary. |
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Alexander Hamilton | Reformer, politician and lawyer. He was the illegitimate son of a Scottish merchant in the West Indies. Killed in a duel with Aaron Burr. |
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Handsome Lake | Native American who abandoned his alcoholism when he become a born-again Christian. He effectively preached to the Iroquois and called for changes to Indigenous traditions. |
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Harper's Ferry | A United States weapons arsenal in Virginia that was the target of a raid by anti-slavery activist John Brown. |
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Homestead Act | Permitted any current or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and to purchase it for a small fee after living on it for five years. |
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Sam Houston | General of Texas forces that defeated the Mexican army in 1836. |
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Jim Crow laws | Solidified in the 1890s and early 20th century, Jim Crow refers to the many laws designed to segregate and subjugate blacks. |
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Andrew Johnson | Abraham Lincoln's vice president, who succeeded Lincoln after his assassination. |
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Ku Klux Klan | A secretive Southern society that intimidated and physically barred blacks from voting and exercising other rights. |
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Abraham Lincoln | US president during the Civil War who signed the Emancipation Proclamation. Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. |
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General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana | 1830s Mexican dictator who began confrontations with established Texas populations. |
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James Madison | Author of the Virginia plan and the most important contributor to the US Constitution. |
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Manifest Destiny | The idea that America was destined by god and history to expand across a vast area, including (but not limited to) the entire North American continent. |
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John Marshall | Virginia lawyer who championed Federalism. Served as John Adams' Secretary of State, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. |
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Morrill Act | Transferred public federal land to state governments, who could in turn sell it to finance public education. |
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Judith Sargent Murray | Author of 1784 essay defending women's right to education. |
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New Jersey Plan | The New Jersey plan preserved the bicameral legislature but expanded Congress' powers to tax and regulate commerce. |
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Nullification | Theory that since the states comprised the federal government, it was the states (not federal courts nor Congress) who decided the constitutionality of federal laws. |
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Oregon Trail | The first route west into the new United States territories. |
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Pinckney's Treaty | Spain recognized American rights to the Mississippi River; fixed Florida's northern boundary; and required Spanish authorities to prevent Florida Indians from making raids across the border. |
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Radical Republicans | They advocated punishment of Confederate leaders ; disenfranchisement of Southern whites; and protection of rights to freedom. |
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Redeemers | Conservative, oligarchical ruling class during Reconstruction. |
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Removal | Relocating the Indigenous to the West. |
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Republicans | Republicans promoted an agrarian Republic, opposed the Federalists, and gathered under the leadership of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. |
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Revolution of 1800 | The election of 1800, so-called by Thomas Jefferson who barely won. |
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US Sanitary Commission | US-government supported nursing corps, led by Dorothea Dix, that was an integral force to caring for injured Civil War soldiers. |
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Scalawags | Critical name for Southern white Republicans. Compare to carpetbaggers. |
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Winfield Scott | Commander of American forces during the Mexican-American War. |
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William Seward | Lincoln's Secretary of State. Stabbed and wounded the same night as Lincoln's assassination, as part of the same conspiracy. |
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Sharecropping | A landowner and tenant relationship: the tenant cultivated and had responsibility for a plot of land, and payed the landowner in money or crop (sharing part of the crop is the etymology of the term). |
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Squatter sovereignty | Known also as popular sovereignty, this was the idea that new United States territories and states should be able to decide for themselves (as the squatters of that land) whether to be slaveholding or free states. |
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Zachary Taylor | Whig candidate in 1848 presidential election. |
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Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner | Co-leaders of the Radicals. Stevens was a Pennsylvania representative. Sumner was a Massachusetts senator. |
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Fort Sumter | US offshore military fort on an island in Charleston harbor. Confederate bombardment and US surrender of April 14, 1861 marked the beginning of the Civil War. |
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Roger Taney | Chief justice of the Supreme Court. He was appointed by Jackson and replaced Marshall. |
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Tejano | The Mexican residents of Texas. |
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Virginia Plan | The Virginia Plan proposed a new national government with a supreme Judiciary, Executive and bicameral Judiciary. |
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Wade-Davis bill | Authorized the president to appoint a provisional governor for each conquered Confederate state. |
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Booker T Washington | Founder and president of the Tuskegee Institute (an Alabama university) and progenitor of the Atlanta Compromise. |
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Daniel Webster | One of the Great Triumvirate alongside Clay and Calhoun. He was a nationalist Whig who served as Massachusetts senator. |
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Ida B Wells | After the lynching of three friends in Memphis, Tennessee, her work as an author and activist culminated with an international anti-lynching movement and significant contributions toward women's suffrage. |
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Eli Whitney | Inventor of the cotton gin (1793). |
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Wilmot Proviso | An 1846 amendment to several appropriation bills, that prohibited slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. |
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Young America | Young America adherents saw the global expansion of American democracy as a way to distract attention from the slavery controversies. |
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